Smart Design: Sustainability Without Sacrificing Stability
Targeting directs resources to those most likely to spend immediately, but can increase administrative burdens and stigma. Universal designs are simple, faster, and politically durable, yet costlier. Hybrid models—universal floors with targeted boosts—often balance equity, efficiency, and public support.
Smart Design: Sustainability Without Sacrificing Stability
Index benefits to unemployment rates, wage growth, or local conditions so support expands when trouble hits and recedes as recovery takes hold. Clear formulas reduce delays and uncertainty, keeping families solvent and businesses confident through transparent, predictable policy responses.